你的位置:学习网 - 视频教程 >> 英语 >> 英语阅读 >> 详细内容

《追寻记忆的痕迹》[PDF]




收藏本资料

本资料所属分类:

英语 英语阅读

更新时间:2015年4月29日

如不能下载,请查看怎样下载


[追寻记忆的痕迹].(IN.SEARCH.OF.MEMORY).ERIC.R.KANDEL.文字版.PDF 2.4MB
2.4MB
电子书http://www.minxue.net: 追寻记忆的痕迹
原名: IN SEARCH OF MEMORY
作者:  ERIC R. KANDEL
图书分类: 外语
资源格式: PDF
出版社: ERIC R. KANDEL
书号: 0393058638
发行时间: 2006年03月13日
地区:  美国
语言:  英文
简介
IPB Image


目录

ONE
1. Personal Memory and the Biology of Memory Storage 3
2. A Childhood in Vienna 12
3. An American Education 33
TWO
4. One Cell at a Time 53
5. The Nerve Cell Speaks 74
6. Conversation Between Nerve Cells 90
7. Simple and Complex Neuronal Systems 103
8. Different Memories, Different Brain Regions 116
9. Searching for an Ideal System to Study Memory 135 10. Neural Analogs of Learning 150
THREE
11. Strengthening Synaptic Connections 165
12. A Center for Neurobiology and Behavior 180
13. Even a Simple Behavior Can Be Modified by Learning 187
14. Synapses Change with Experience 198
15. The Biological Basis of Individuality 208
16. Molecules and Short-Term Memory 221
17. Long-Term Memory 240
18. Memory Genes 247
19. A Dialogue Between Genes and Synapses 201
FOUR
20. A Return to Complex Memory 279
21. Synapses Also Hold Our Fondest Memories 286
22. The Brain's Picture of the External World 295
23. Attention Must Be Paid! 307
FIVE
24. A Little Red Pill 319
25. Mice, Men, and Mental Illness 335
26. A New Way to Treat Mental Illness 352
27. Biology and the Renaissance of Psychoanalytic Thought 363
28. Consciousness 376
SIX
29. Rediscovering Vienna via Stockholm 393
30. Learning from Memory: Prospects 416
Glossary 431
Notes and Sources 453
Acknowledgments 485
Index 489


内容介绍:

了解人的心灵在生物学术语已经成为科学在二十一世纪的主要挑战。我们想了解感知,学习,记忆,思维,意识和自由意志的极限的生物特性。生物学家将在一个位置,以探索这些心理过程,甚至在几十年前是不可想象的。直到二十世纪中叶,即以为意,最复杂的一套在宇宙过程中,可能产生的最深的秘密生物分析,也许这样做在分子水平上,不能认真受理。

Understanding the human mind in biological terms has emerged as the central challenge for science in the twenty-first century. We want to understand the biological nature of perception, learning, memory, thought, consciousness, and the limits of free will. That biologists would be in a position to explore these mental processes was unthinkable even a few decades ago. Until the middle of the twentieth century, the idea that mind, the most complex set of processes in the universe, might yield its deepest secrets to biological analysis, and perhaps do this on the molecular level, could not be entertained seriously.
The dramatic achievements of biology during the last fifty years have now made this possible. The discovery of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 revolutionized biology, giving it an intellectual framework for understanding how information from the genes controls the functioning of the cell. That discovery led to a basic understanding of how genes are regulated, how they give rise to the proteins that determine the functioning of cells, and how development turns genes and proteins on and off to determine the body plan of an organism. With these extraordinary accomplishments behind it, biology assumed a cen-
tral position in the constellation of sciences, one in parallel with physics and chemistry.
Imbued with new knowledge and confidence, biology turned its attention to its loftiest goal, understanding the biological nature of the human mind. This effort, long considered to be prescientific, is already in full swing. Indeed, when intellectual historians look back on the last two decades of the twentieth century, they are likely to comment on the surprising fact that the most valuable insights into the human mind to emerge during this period did not come from the disciplines traditionally concerned with mind—from philosophy, psychology, or psychoanalysis. Instead, they came from a merger of these disciplines with the biology of the brain, a new synthesis energized recently by the dramatic achievements in molecular biology. The result has been a new science of mind, a science that uses the power of molecular biology to examine the great remaining mysteries of life.
This new science is based on five principles. First, mind and brain are inseparable. The brain is a complex biological organ of great computational capability that constructs our sensory experiences, regulates our thoughts and emotions, and controls our actions. The brain is responsible not only for relatively simple motor behaviors, such as running and eating, but also for the complex acts that we consider quintessentially human, such as thinking, speaking, and creating works of art. Looked at from this perspective, mind is a set of operations carried out by the brain, much as walking is a set of operations carried out by the legs, except dramatically more complex.
Second, each mental function in the brain—from the simplest reflex to the most creative acts in language, music, and art—is carried out by specialized neural circuits in different regions of the brain. This is why it is preferable to use the term "biology of mind" to refer to the set of mental operations carried out by these specialized neural circuits rather than "biology of the mind," which connotes a place and implies a single brain location that carries out all mental operations.
Third, all of these circuits are made up of the same elementary signaling units, the nerve cells. Fourth, the neural circuits use specific molecules to generate signals within and between nerve cells. Finally, these specific signaling molecules have been conserved—retained as it
were—through millions of years of evolution. Some of them were present in the cells of our most ancient ancestors and can be found today in our most distant and primitive evolutionary relatives: single-celled organisms such as bacteria and yeast and simple multicellular organisms such as worms, flies, and snails. These creatures use the same molecules to organize their maneuvering through their environment that we use to govern our daily lives and adjust to our environment.
Thus, we gain from the new science of mind not only insights into ourselves—how we perceive, learn, remember, feel, and act—but also a new perspective of ourselves in the context of biological evolution. It makes us appreciate that the human mind evolved from molecules used by our lowly ancestors and that the extraordinary conservation of the molecular mechanisms that regulate life's various processes also applies to our mental life.
Because of its broad implications for individual and social well-being, there is now a consensus in the scientific community that the biology of mind will be to the twenty-first century what the biology of the gene was to the twentieth century.
In addition to addressing the central issues that have occupied Western thought since Socrates and Plato first speculated about the nature of mental processes more than two thousand years ago, the new science of mind gives us the practical insights to understand and cope with important issues about mind that affect our everyday lives. Science is no longer the exclusive domain of scientists. It has become an integral part of modern life and contemporary culture. Almost daily, the media report technical information that the general public cannot be expected to understand. People read about the memory loss caused by Alzheimer's disease and about age-related memory loss and try, often unsuccessfully, to understand the difference between these two disorders of memory—one progressive and devastating, the other comparatively benign. They hear about cognitive enhancers but do not quite know what to expect from them. They are told that genes affect behavior and that disorders of those genes cause mental illness and neurological disease, but they are not told how this occurs. And finally, people read that gender differences in aptitude influence the academic and career paths that men and women follow. Does this
mean there are differences between the brains of women and of men? Do men and women learn differently?
In the course of our lives, most of us will have to make important private and public decisions that involve a biological understanding of mind. Some of these decisions will arise in the attempt to understand variations in normal human behavior, while others will concern more serious mental and neurological disorders. It is essential, therefore, that everyone have access to the best available scientific information presented in clear, understandable form. I share the view now current in the scientific community that we have a responsibility to provide the public with such information.
Early in my career as a neuroscientist I realized that people without a background in science are as eager to learn about the new science of mind as we scientists are to explain it. In this spirit, one of my colleagues at Columbia University, James H. Schwartz, and I wrote Principles of Neural Science, an introductory college and medical school textbook that is now entering its fifth edition. The publication of that textbook led to invitations to give talks about brain science to general audiences. That experience convinced me that nonscientists are willing to work to understand the key issues of brain science if scientists are willing to work at explaining them. I have therefore written this book as an introduction to the new science of mind for the general reader who has no background in science. My purpose is to explain in simple terms how the new science of mind emerged from the theories and observations of earlier scientists into the experimental science that biology is today.
A further impetus for writing this book came in the fall of 2000, when I was privileged to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for my contributions to the study of memory storage in the brain. All Nobel laureates are invited to write an autobiographical essay. In the course of writing mine, I saw more clearly than before how my interest in the nature of memory was rooted in my childhood experiences in Vienna. I also saw more vividly, and with great wonder and gratitude, that my research has allowed me to participate in a historic period of science and to be part of an extraordinary international community of biological scientists. In the course of my work
I have come to know several outstanding scientists in the front ranks of the recent revolution in biology and neuroscience, and my own research has been greatly influenced by my interactions with them.
Thus, I interweave two stories in this book. The first is an intellectual history of the extraordinary scientific accomplishments in the study of mind that have taken place in the last fifty years. The second is the story of my life and scientific career over those five decades. It traces how my early experiences in Vienna gave rise to a fascination with memory, a fascination that focused first on history and psychoanalysis, then on the biology of the brain, and finally on the cellular and molecular processes of memory. In Search of Memory is thus an account of how my personal quest to understand memory has intersected with one of the greatest scientific endeavors—the attempt to understand mind in cellular and molecular biological terms.

内容截图:

IPB Image

电子书www.minxue.net资源:

[追寻记忆的痕迹].(IN SEARCH OF MEMORY).ERIC R. KANDEL.文字版.PDF n3wo
In Search of Memory ERIC R. KANDEL.MP4 lxz5

In Search of Memory ERIC R. KANDEL


上一篇 下一篇